CI/CD 流水线设计：自动化部署最佳实践

什么是 CI/CD？

CI（持续集成）: 频繁合并代码到主干，自动构建和测试。 CD（持续交付/部署）: 自动将代码部署到生产环境。

核心价值

• 快速发现问题
• 减少人工错误
• 加速发布周期
• 提高代码质量

典型流水线阶段

代码提交 → 构建 → 测试 → 代码审查 → 部署到测试环境 → 集成测试 → 部署到生产

GitHub Actions 示例

name: CI/CD Pipeline

on:
  push:
    branches: [main]
  pull_request:
    branches: [main]

jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      
      - name: Setup Node.js
        uses: actions/setup-node@v3
        with:
          node-version: "18"
      
      - name: Install dependencies
        run: npm ci
      
      - name: Run lint
        run: npm run lint
      
      - name: Run tests
        run: npm test
      
      - name: Build
        run: npm run build
      
      - name: Upload artifacts
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
        with:
          name: dist
          path: dist/

  deploy:
    needs: build
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    if: github.ref == "refs/heads/main"
    steps:
      - name: Download artifacts
        uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
        with:
          name: dist
      
      - name: Deploy to production
        run: |
          # 部署脚本
          echo "Deploying to production..."

GitLab CI 示例

stages:
  - build
  - test
  - deploy

build:
  stage: build
  script:
    - npm ci
    - npm run build
  artifacts:
    paths:
      - dist/

test:
  stage: test
  script:
    - npm test

deploy:
  stage: deploy
  script:
    - ./deploy.sh
  only:
    - main

最佳实践

1. 快速反馈

• 单元测试应该在几分钟内完成
• 失败时立即通知

2. 构建一次，部署多次

# 构建产物复用
artifacts:
  paths:
    - dist/
  expire_in: 1 week

3. 环境隔离

• 开发环境
• 测试环境
• 预发布环境
• 生产环境

4. 回滚策略

# 保留历史版本
kubectl rollout undo deployment/myapp

5. 安全扫描

- name: Security scan
  run: npm audit --audit-level=high

6. 数据库迁移

- name: Run migrations
  run: npm run db:migrate
  environment: production

监控与通知

• Slack/DingTalk 通知
• 邮件告警
• 部署成功/失败指标

蓝绿部署

# 同时运行两个版本
kubectl apply -f green-deployment.yaml
# 切换流量
kubectl patch service myapp -p "{\"spec\":{\"selector\":{\"version\":\"green\"}}}"

CI/CD 是现代软件交付的核心，投资自动化将带来长期回报。