TypeScript 高级类型技巧:泛型、条件类型、类型守卫
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2026-03-27 23:04
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TypeScript 高级类型技巧:泛型、条件类型、类型守卫
泛型(Generics)
泛型让代码更灵活、可复用。
基础泛型
function identity<T>(arg: T): T {
return arg;
}
const result = identity<string>("hello");
const num = identity<number>(42);
泛型约束
interface Lengthwise {
length: number;
}
function loggingIdentity<T extends Lengthwise>(arg: T): T {
console.log(arg.length);
return arg;
}
loggingIdentity("hello"); // ✅
loggingIdentity([1, 2, 3]); // ✅
loggingIdentity(42); // ❌ number 没有 length
泛型工具类型
interface User {
id: number;
name: string;
email: string;
}
// Partial: 所有属性变为可选
type PartialUser = Partial<User>;
// Required: 所有属性变为必填
type RequiredUser = Required<PartialUser>;
// Pick: 选择部分属性
type UserBase = Pick<User, "id" | "name">;
// Omit: 排除部分属性
type UserNoEmail = Omit<User, "email">;
// Record: 定义键值对类型
type UserMap = Record<string, User>;
条件类型(Conditional Types)
// 基本语法
T extends U ? X : Y
// 示例
type IsString<T> = T extends string ? true : false;
type A = IsString<string>; // true
type B = IsString<number>; // false
infer 关键字
// 提取函数返回类型
type ReturnType<T> = T extends (...args: any[]) => infer R ? R : any;
// 提取数组元素类型
type ArrayElement<T> = T extends (infer U)[] ? U : never;
type Str = ArrayElement<string[]>; // string
分布式条件类型
type ToArray<T> = T extends any ? T[] : never;
type A = ToArray<string | number>; // string[] | number[]
// 而不是 (string | number)[]
类型守卫(Type Guards)
typeof 守卫
function printId(id: number | string) {
if (typeof id === "string") {
console.log(id.toUpperCase());
} else {
console.log(id);
}
}
instanceof 守卫
class Dog {
bark() { console.log("Woof!"); }
}
class Cat {
meow() { console.log("Meow!"); }
}
function makeSound(animal: Dog | Cat) {
if (animal instanceof Dog) {
animal.bark();
} else {
animal.meow();
}
}
自定义类型守卫
interface Fish {
swim(): void;
}
interface Bird {
fly(): void;
}
function isFish(pet: Fish | Bird): pet is Fish {
return (pet as Fish).swim !== undefined;
}
function move(pet: Fish | Bird) {
if (isFish(pet)) {
pet.swim(); // pet 类型收窄为 Fish
} else {
pet.fly(); // pet 类型收窄为 Bird
}
}
in 关键字守卫
interface A {
a: number;
}
interface B {
b: string;
}
function hasA(x: A | B): x is A {
return "a" in x;
}
实用技巧
映射类型
type Readonly<T> = {
readonly [P in keyof T]: T[P];
};
type Nullable<T> = {
[P in keyof T]: T[P] | null;
};
模板字面量类型
type Event = "click" | "scroll" | "mousemove";
type Handler = `on${Capitalize<Event>}`;
// "onClick" | "onScroll" | "onMousemove"
掌握这些高级类型技巧,你的 TypeScript 代码会更安全、更优雅!
标签:TypeScript,泛型,类型系统,前端开发,JavaScript
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